Прокладываем трубы

We lay pipes on the site

How to lay pipes ⠀
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It is better to bury a whole pipe into the ground without fitting connections. ⠀
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🗣 - Threaded fittings with collets are designed to be installed in a place accessible for visual inspection. ⠀
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Collet connections must be inspected periodically for leaks and tightened if necessary. ⠀
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⚠ Therefore, when burying fitting connections underground, the maintainability of the entire system drops sharply. ⠀
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If you still need to make the entire pipeline underground: ⠀
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🗣 - Use HDPE fittings for butt welding for “underground” connection. The process of joining HDPE is similar to soldering polypropylene pipes. It turns out a monolithic soldered connection without thread. ⠀
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Only pipes and fittings of the same type can be welded into one pipeline, for this a soldering iron for soldering PP-RC is used. ⠀
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⛓ The technology of such welding is as follows: ⠀
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1. The pipe is cut perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, all elements are degreased with isopropyl or isobutyl alcohol (used in non-freezing). ⠀
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2. The device is turned on, the temperature switch is set to a predetermined temperature of 200-260 ° C. The main thing is not to overheat the thin-walled pipe, because the melting point of HDPE is lower than that of PP. A twin nozzle is mounted on the welding mirror. ⠀
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3. At the same time, push the fitting onto the heated nozzle, and slide the pipe into the sleeve nozzle. ⠀
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4. At the end of heating, the parts are removed from the nozzles, connected and fixed. The pipe is fixed in the fitting for 10 to 50 seconds. This is necessary so that due to the increased pressure in the weld, due to thermal expansion, it is not pushed out of the fitting. During this operation, do not move the fitting and pipe mutually. ⠀
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5.⠀
Details cool. Only after complete cooling, the connection is mounted in place and a load is applied to it. ⠀
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🗣 - When connecting the three collet joints, I missed the rubber bands with silicone sealant and buried. It's been 10 years, nothing flows. ⠀
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⚠ Do not bury sewer and water pipes in one trench! Each pipeline needs an individual trench.

Монтируем трубные соединения

We mount pipe connections

How to mount connections ⠀
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It’s not enough to choose a quality product, ⠀
it is necessary to lay the pipeline correctly and mount reliable connections. Most often, water PND connections ⠀
make on collet fittings. ⠀
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🔰 Since there are no metal parts in the flow part of compression fittings, this increases the corrosion resistance of the piping system made of this material. ⠀
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Mounting ⠀
On collet fittings, some key features must be considered. ⠀
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🗣 - Assembled the system. Despite the use of fum tape and a decent tightening, some HDPE fittings are leaking. ⠀
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When mounting a collet fitting, do not use flax, tow or fum tape “for extra reliability”. ⠀
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🗣 - Collet fittings are simply tightened by hand and that’s it. ⠀
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The longer the fitting, the more turns must be made to clamp it. Pipes for water supply are inserted into the fitting until they stop, and not until the rubber band. ⠀
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Sometimes you can hear the opinion that if you lay the PND pipeline on the ground, then nothing will happen to it, but this is not so. ⠀
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🗣 - PND products are unstable to sunlight. According to GOST, they are allowed to be stored under the sun for a maximum of two months. And this is in ideal conditions when the manufacturer fully complies with the technology and uses pipe polyethylene. ⠀
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Therefore, the pipeline from HDPE is best buried in the ground. And to do it better to a depth below freezing, this will allow the fittings not to freeze. ⠀
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A high-quality modern HDPE pipe withstands a large number of freezing and thawing cycles without destruction, but for fittings, even the most expensive, any freezing is fatal. ⠀
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⚙ The installation process itself is as follows: ⠀
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1. Dig a narrow trench 2 meters deep ⠀
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2. Stones are removed from the trench, otherwise they can push through the walls of the product ⠀
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3. Lay the pipe (not tight, this is a general rule!) And sprinkle it with sand ⠀
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4. If necessary, the water supply is additionally insulated ⠀
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5.⠀
The trench is completely buried ⠀
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Правильная ПНД труба

Correct HDPE pipe

In continuation of the previous post about HDPE pipes. ⠀
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On the HDPE pipe should also be indicated: ⠀
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- Diameter ⠀
- wall thickness ⠀
- Manufacturer ⠀
- Strength indicator of material - is marked as follows: PE100 or PE80. ⠀
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Polyethylene PE100 has a higher density, which means strength (can withstand higher pressure) than polyethylene PE80. ⠀
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🗣 - We advise you to choose products on which GOST is applied, there is a manufacturer’s marking and a footage is indicated. They are suitable for running water. ⠀
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🗣 - In accordance with GOST 18599-2001, according to which pipes for water supply are made, the presence or absence of blue stripes on the HDPE pipe does not yet indicate whether it is intended for drinking water or not. ⠀
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Some unscrupulous manufacturers may apply blue stripes to low-quality or HDPE pipes. Therefore, first of all, you need to look at what is written on the product itself! ⠀
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⚠ The water pipe in accordance with GOST 18599-2001 is made only of low-pressure polyethylene without adding secondary raw materials. ⠀
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You also need to pay attention to the price - compare the price tag of several manufacturers. Prices are much lower than the maximum and even average market prices enough to alert, because the manufacturer will not sell at a loss. The price of a quality product should be decent. ⠀

Труба для воды

Pipe for water in the house: choose ⠀

For the autonomous water supply system in the house to work “for five,” it needs high-quality components, including a pipe for the water supply. ⠀
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HDPE - the most popular material for entering cold water into the house (from a well, etc.) ⠀
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🗣– Correctly say ⠀
PE (polyethylene), not ⠀
HDPE, of course, provided that the pipes are made in accordance with GOST 18599-2001 "Pressure pipes made of polyethylene." ⠀
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HDPE is the raw material (low pressure polyethylene) from which PE products are made. ⠀
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However, we will adhere to the "popular" name. ⠀
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💦 It is the quality of the feedstock that largely determines the life of the pipeline. And if in some cases the light water main from HDPE has been used for decades, then in other cases even a correctly installed system starts to flow in 1-1.5 years. ⠀
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❗ The fact is that many companies use plastic waste in the production of HDPE products - the so-called “secondary”. Moreover, everything is used, even used disposable syringes. The strength and reliability of such products does not stand up to criticism. And cold water from them has a sharp unpleasant chemical smell, which does not disappear even with time. ⠀
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🗣– The easiest way to choose a high-quality HDPE pipe designed to supply drinking water in order to lay a water pipe is to pay attention to its appearance. ⠀
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⚠ The defective product is black or dark gray. There is no alphanumeric marking on it. Alien inclusions or stripes are noticeable in the material. If you smell the product, you can feel an unpleasant chemical smell. Its walls are of different thicknesses (it can be seen when viewed from the end). ⠀
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This design can only be used to supply process water. ⠀
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✅ HDPE design designed for drinking water - black with blue stripes or completely blue. It is made in a uniform color, the material itself is smooth, without splashes and stripes. The wall thickness corresponds to GOST. A small marking is required (stamped or with a printer for marking) - “Drinking pipe GOST 18599-2001”. ⠀
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⏯ To be continued. ⠀

Напольные покрытия

Floor coverings. Part 2

Natural linoleum ⠀
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Linoleum is a natural material made from a compressed mass consisting of oxidized linseed oil, gum, cork or wood flour and pigments applied to the base of jute fabric. Natural linoleum is a durable eco-friendly material with excellent hygienic and antistatic properties. ⠀
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Like stone, linoleum is a waterproof material. It is supplied mainly in rolls, which somewhat limits its decorative capabilities. However, an experienced craftsman can insert a drawing into the canvas when laying. ⠀
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In order for linoleum to retain its appearance for a long time, it should be coated once or twice a year with a special composition that repels dirt, and polished, which is almost impossible in a working office.
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🔶 Commercial PVC Coatings ⠀
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In Russia, the word "linoleum" is often referred to as PVC flooring. This leads to some confusion. Linoleum is a natural material, while PVC-based coatings are artificial. This circumstance has its advantages and disadvantages. ⠀
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There are two types of PVC coatings. Homogeneous coatings consist of a layer of durable and flexible polyvinyl chloride with a thickness of 1.5-2.0 mm. This is a very durable material that can withstand high loads from the movement of people. ⠀
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Heterogeneous coatings consist of a base - foam or polyester, reinforcing pads made of fiberglass and a decorative outer layer of polyvinyl chloride. The total thickness is 2-3.5 mm. ⠀
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PVC coatings are more durable than any other office flooring, they are available in a wide variety of colors and patterns. Like natural linoleum, they have good hygienic and antistatic properties. A common disadvantage of these coatings is insufficient sound absorption. ⠀
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🔶 Carpets ⠀
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The words “carpet” and “carpet” often replace each other, although they mean different things. While the carpet is attached to the base and usually covers the entire surface of the floor, the carpet is much smaller and lies loose. ⠀

Ошибки при гидроизоляции

Third vapor barrier error

The third mistake is the refusal of a moisture and windproof film to block the cold attic ⠀
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🗣 I finish making a cold attic ceiling. Overlap insulated. I know that first they install a vapor barrier and only then, between the beams, lay mineral wool. And how to close the insulation from above? The manufacturer's booklet says that you need to install a waterproofing vapor-permeable membrane. Why is it needed there? Maybe just a cheap hydro or wind protection spread? ⠀
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energo_doma: The manufacturer correctly recommends closing the insulation on top with a waterproofing material - a membrane that allows water vapor to pass through but prevents moisture from entering the insulation. Remember that membranes have their own characteristics. First of all, pay attention to vapor permeability. It varies up or down. ⠀
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🗣 Membranes are usually mounted on pitched insulated roofs close to the insulation. Those. water flows down them and does not linger on the surface. And if you lay the membrane horizontally, it will not leak? ⠀
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energo_doma: If you are afraid that a horizontally laid superdiffusion membrane will leak or let water through because of a roof leak, choose a material with a higher water resistance. The simplest and cheapest vapor-permeable membranes have low water resistance. Therefore, they are laid obliquely, because Still water through them will sooner or later seep into the ceiling. ⠀
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As a result, we got the following pie of a cold attic, bottom-up: ⠀
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🔸 vapor barrier ⠀
Доски blackboards ⠀
🔸 heater ⠀
🔸 moisture- windproof membrane ⠀
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⚠ Important! In a cold attic from above, cover the insulation with a vapor-permeable moisture-proof membrane, which will additionally protect the insulation from wind and moisture, and you from inhaling particles of stone wool.

Ковровые покрытия в офисе

Carpets in the office

Carpets in the office (Continued) ⠀
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🔶 Carpet tile. ⠀
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Modular carpet tiles usually have a size of 50 × 50 cm and a special base made of bitumen or PVC, reinforced with fiberglass. The modular principle has several important advantages. ⠀
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Worn or accidentally damaged tiles can be easily replaced without affecting the rest of the floor, while a normal coating would have to be replaced entirely. ⠀
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Carpet tiles are easy to remove and move to a new building. They are much easier to transport, store and stack than roll coatings. ⠀
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💡 How to make the right choice. ⠀
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The choice of carpet should begin with a study of the room, in accordance with the following criteria: the purpose of the room, what is the expected life of the coating, whether a false floor will be installed, what type of furniture will be used, etc. Then the operational load on the coating is evaluated. How intense and what kind of movement will be in this area, the exposure of the carpet to intense sunlight. ⠀
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⛓ Type of fiber. ⠀
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The most important indicator of carpet is the type of fiber. Fiber is natural and synthetic. ⠀
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🔸 Wool is a natural and therefore expensive material. Wool fiber of low quality wears out pretty quickly. The high-quality wool coating is very beautiful and has excellent fire-fighting properties. However, it builds up static stress and, compared to synthetic materials, is less durable, more prone to pollution, moths and mold. ⠀
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🔸 Polypropylene is widely used as a material for pile due to its low cost. However, it is significantly inferior to other materials in terms of performance. Despite the fact that this material has excellent antistatic and pollution resistance properties, its low strength and flammability make its use undesirable for the office. ⠀
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🔸 Nylon is considered the best material for carpet fiber. It has the highest strength, it retains its appearance over time, it is easy to clean and it is not flammable.

Мансарда что это?

Attic what is it and why is it needed?

What is an attic?
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In simple terms, an attic is a residential or utility room between the ceiling of the top floor and the roof. If we use the definition according to SNiP (2.08.01-89), then the attic is a room in the attic space, the facade of which is created (fully or partially) by the surface of an inclined (pitched) or broken (hip) roof. Moreover, the line of intersection of the planes of the roof and facade should be at the level of not more than one and a half meters from the floor level of the attic. ⠀
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Due to the specific shape, the area of the attic is also regulated by building codes, and the height to the sloping ceiling depends on the angle of the roof slope: ⠀
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🔸1.5 m - ramp at 30⁰⠀
🔸1.1 m - ramp at 45⁰⠀
🔸0.5 m - a slope of 60⁰ and more ⠀
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It is from the angle of inclination of the roof that the attic usable area will also depend. If an elongated, high roof is not the highlight of the project, an angle in the range of 30⁰-40⁰ is enough.
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🏡 In fact, the attic is a warm, residential attic, since all SNiP standards for height and area, except for these maximum one and a half meters of a vertical wall, are advisory. ⠀
Apartments of several tens of squares, when the perimeter of the ceiling is large, and a closet of several meters in a modest house will be considered a loft. The optimum from the point of view of comfort is the height at the maximum point of the attic of 2.5 meters, the minimum sanitary standards - 2.3 meters. And does it make sense to spend money on arranging the attic, depends primarily on the dimensions of the house - if its width is less than five linear meters, the area of the resulting room will be too small for comfortable use. ⠀
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🏛 In addition, the convenience of attic rooms and the economic feasibility of their arrangement depends on the type of roof. More living space is obtained under the hip structures, especially if it is the roof of Sudeikin. ⠀
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With such a device, the share of usable area is almost 90%. However, the hip roofs are leading in terms of costs, while under the gable roof attic, although it will be less, its cost price will be lower. ⠀

Офисная мебель

Office furniture

Office furniture is one of the most important components of any office space. It can complement the overall design decision of the office, and if it is chosen poorly, furniture can destroy the impression of any arbitrarily beautiful interior. In a modern office, furniture is not so much an element of decor as a tool that serves the effective work of the company. All criteria of durability, functionality, flexibility and aesthetics apply to furniture to the same (if not more) extent as to partitions, floor coverings, ceilings and lighting equipment. ⠀
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🗄 Jobs. ⠀
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The main items of office furniture are a table, a work chair and a wardrobe. Over the past half century, these basic elements have undergone a number of significant changes related to the improvement of office equipment, information and communication technologies and the emergence of new organizational structures. ⠀
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📈 Workplace development over the past 50 years. ⠀
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In the 1950s, typewriters were still rare in Europe and were used in turn. For this, a separate table was intended. Since the mid-50s, typewriters have become cheaper, more accessible and widespread. Thus, the process of creating jobs consisting of several zones began. Until then, the employee needed a mostly rectangular paper desk. With the proliferation of typewriters, the table is complemented by a side table (usually a shorter height) designed to work on this new equipment. ⠀
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🗣 Due to the increasing importance of meetings and discussions, the desktop is further expanded due to the addition of segments designed for communication. At the end of the 70s, computer terminals appeared in offices. This allowed the installation of countertops at the same height. At the same time, there was a need to lay electrical wires in furniture. The furniture industry is beginning to attach great importance to ergonomic issues, which include workplace design, office planning, lighting, ergonomic chairs, etc. ⠀
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▶ Next in the next post ⠀

Расположение рабочих мест в офисе

Location of workplaces in the office

The great variety of modern forms of work organization requires adaptable furniture solutions based on the modular principle. Informal negotiations, teamwork, alternate use of jobs - all this needs new types of furniture. ⠀
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Comparison of two options for the location of jobs. ⠀
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🈁 T-shaped U-shaped ⠀
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If earlier office work was to some extent limited by the capabilities of existing furniture, then in a modern, dynamic office, furniture should adapt to work processes. To create a healthier office environment, elements such as height-adjustable tables that provide a change of position during work, partitions with attachments, movable and stationary furniture elements that provide multifunctionality are used. ⠀
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🛋 Arrangement of furniture. ⠀
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As with office planning, the arrangement of furniture should balance the two main types of office activity - concentration and communication. The traditional arrangement of tables "face to face", or in the form of the letter T, is very convenient for communication, but has insufficient visual and sound isolation. In 1998, BENE proposed the arrangement of workspaces with the letter U (“back to back”), which is most suitable for concentrated work, and carried out a comparative analysis of these two ways of arrangement with the Frauenho-fer-Institute for Industrial Engineering. The results showed that no more than 50% of respondents find the T-shape convenient, and almost as many of them believe that the U-shape has significantly greater advantages. With a back-to-back arrangement between workstations, communication zones can be created using a conference table or low cabinets. ⠀
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▶ The following posts are more about arranging furniture ⠀